Section 1 - Introduction

1.1 Who Represents Fieldsports in Ireland?

Fieldsports are the oldest form of organised recreation in the country and people have engaged in them continuously for over 2000 years. In the Republic of Ireland, the sports of shooting, coursing, deer stalking, falconry and hunting with hounds have their own established national bodies which come together under the umbrella group of FACE Ireland. FACE Ireland is an integral part of a much larger European federation, the Fédération des Associations de Chasse et Conservation or FACE Europe¹ as it is more colloquially known.

FACE Europe was established in 1977 as a non-profit making, non-governmental, international association with its headquarters in Brussels. Through its 36 members, the national hunters' associations of the Member States of the European Union and other Council of Europe countries, FACE represents the interests of some 7 million European hunters.

Only the national organisations affiliated to FACE Ireland have a legitimate mandate to represent the interests of the affiliated fieldsports in the Republic of Ireland. FACE Ireland co-ordinates the lobbying efforts of its member organisations (principally the NARGC², the Coursing Club and the Hunting Association of Ireland).

1.2 What is the Role of the Hunting Association of Ireland?

The Hunting Association of Ireland (An Cuman Seilge na hEireann Teoranta)³ was established in 1996 to represent the specific concerns of over 300,000 people in Ireland who regularly follow and support hunting either on foot, on horseback or in their motor cars. At that time there was a general belief that those who enjoy hunting with hounds need to be more organised in terms of political lobbying, media awareness, promotion of our activities, and working harder to protection the individual’s right to hunt using dogs. In addition, it was deemed appropriate that we put in place structures to assist in educating the general public, politicians and other stakeholders about the important cultural, social, economic, environmental and conservational role that hunting with hounds plays in modern Ireland.

The Hunting Association of Ireland is a not-for-profit, all-Ireland body. It covers all-Ireland because the designated hunting countries of some hunt clubs traverse the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The Association comprises six distinct bodies which are distinguished by either the type of hound used in their particular form of hunting or the quarry (fox, hare, mink or stag) that they hunt. These distinct bodies are:

Irish Masters of Foxhounds Association (IMFHA)

Irish Masters of Harriers Association (IMHA)

Irish Foot Harrier Association (IFHA)

Irish Masters of Beagles Association (IMBA)

Irish Masters of Mink Hounds Association (IMMHA

Ward Union Stag Hounds (WUH)

Collectively the Hunting Association of Ireland represents over 250 individual hunt clubs scattered throughout the 32 counties of Ireland and it forms a significant part of the approx 300,000 field and country sports people represented by FACE Ireland not including the huge support experienced from amongst the wider farming and rural community.

Since its formation the Hunting Association of Ireland has been successful is earning recognition by Government agencies, non-governmental bodies, the national media and many international sources as being the premier representative body on the island of Ireland for hunting with hounds. The elected Executive members of the Hunting Association of Ireland regularly meet Government, Dail and Seanad members in addition to officials of the Department of Agriculture and Food, the Department of the Environment and the Department for Sport & Tourism.

1.3 Why Should the Hunting Association of Ireland be interested in the Bill?

The Hunting Association of Ireland, representing the views of the hundreds of thousands of people that support hunting with hounds is concerned that any attempt to change existing laws and statutory regulations relating to the care and welfare of animals (either domestic or wild), or any proposed changes in legislation governing the legal conduct of existing fieldsports and particularly hunting with hounds, will impinge upon its members legitimate right to hunt.

Whilst the Hunting Association of Ireland welcomes the process of public consultation in relation to a draft Animal Health & Welfare Bill as proposed in the programme for Government, it is imperative that the Association is not only afforded an opportunity to actively engage in the consultative process but it is essential that the Hunting Association of Ireland is afforded appropriate and adequate representation on any national committee or consultative body established to review or to have an input into the consolidation, amendment or introduction of existing and new legislation.

In making this proposal the Hunting Association of Ireland would refer to its excellent positive and long established working relationship with various officials from the Department of Agriculture and Food over the past ten years or so. The Hunting Association of Ireland believes that it is imperative to the success of any proposed new or changed legislation that its constituent members are afforded an opportunity to co-operate in a meaningful way with departmental officials on the drafting of new legislation.

In the opinion of the Executive of the Hunting Association of Ireland, important issues surrounding conservation, habitat preservation, species survival and the general welfare of animals, both domestic and wild, can only be properly and fully considered and appreciated by engaging with those actively involved in the Irish countryside on a day-to-day basis and with Ireland’s farming community.

The Hunting Association of Ireland is concerned that for whatever reason, there may be confusion between animal rights and animal welfare amongst some parties that will make submissions to the drafting of new legislation and accordingly, it is important that the views of those involved in hunting with hounds, the views of those involved in farming and animal husbandry (especially our experts in kennel, stable and deer herd management) are appropriately represented.

As we have stated earlier, over 300,000 people on the island of Ireland are actively engaged in supporting and following all forms of hunting with hounds and these people have great concern for the care and control of the domestic animals used in our sport, namely horses and dogs. We also have a concern for the preservation and welfare of the quarry pursued in our various disciplines. The Hunting Association of Ireland and its constituent bodies ensure that its member hunt clubs conduct themselves in accordance with strict guidelines and codes of practice. The Hunting Association of Ireland takes very seriously any allegations made against any hunt club and such allegations are rigorously investigated and reported to Department of Agriculture. Those who hunt with hounds are, by their very nature, country folk with a deep interest and passion for horses and hounds, for the fox, the hare, the mink and the stag and, through our sports we ensure that bogs, hedgerows, woodland, riverbanks and scrub exist and are maintained as viable habitats for Ireland’s flora and fauna.

The Hunting Association of Ireland looks forward to working with departmental officials on continuing our joint objective to preserve, promote and improve the status of Ireland’s wildlife and their habitats. We are very conscious of welfare issues and, to this end, the Hunting Association of Ireland can confirm without equivocation, that its member bodies adopt the highest standards of horse and hound management in our stables and kennels, and in the conduct of our sport in the hunting field or through our other associated activities (Game Fairs, Horse and Hound Shows, Open Days, etc).

It is the desire and intention of the Hunting Association of Ireland to support Government and non-government agencies in our mutual objective to ensure that nothing happens or is perceived to happen in the conduct of the sport of hunting or any of its related activities that would compromise the general health and welfare of the nation or its animals. The Hunting Association of Ireland supports the efforts of the Government in ensuring that these objectives are pursued in the areas under its control. Notwithstanding, the Hunting Association of Ireland reserves the right to represent those who hunt with hounds in Ireland and, considering that we have only been afforded an opportunity to review a brief consultation document without even seeing the heads of a proposed bill. We wish again to express our deepest concerns that any change in legislation could, if we are not appropriately consulted, have a serious and catastrophic affect on the cultural, social, economic, environmental and conservational aspects of country life and animal management under our control.

The Hunting Association of Ireland looks forward to co-operating with and participating in the consultative process with the parliamentary draftsmen on the proposed Animal Health and Welfare Bill and we look forward to playing an active, constructive and positive role on the national consultative body.

Section 2 - The Importance of Hunting

2.1 The Economic Importance of Hunting

In recent years the popularity of field sports and hunting with hounds in particular has increased greatly with huge involvement from the local population and the warm and friendly welcome that visitors to Ireland receive in the hunting field has significant economic benefits for rural communities across the country.

In addition, with the need for and an increasing emphasis on, diversification in agriculture and land use, organised hunting provides many benefits for the local farming communities. These benefits, economic and social, transcend into rural communities. Organised hunting and its associated activities, point-to-pointing, Charity rides, hound shows, horse shows, open days and social nights help counter to a noticeable extent, the sense of isolation that is often felt in many rural communities.

The strength of organised hunting in Ireland has always been recognised as being the backbone of the sport horse industry. Indeed, some would also hold the view that if it wasn’t for hunting, many more thoroughbreds that do not succeed on the racecourse would end up in the knackery but instead many continue an active life hunting for many more years. The growth of the sport horse industry which has been greatly supported by successive Governments has resulted in a huge increase in the numbers of people that come out hunting. The greater number of people out hunting can also be evidenced by the huge numbers that participate in hunter trials and charity rides organised by their local hunt clubs affiliated to the IMFHA, the IMHA or the WUH. Furthermore, as most Irish Pony Clubs are run and organised under the auspices of the local hunt club, thousands of Irish children are brought up with an appreciation of ponies and horses and, through the skills taught at Pony Club camps, they learn the basis skills of horsemanship. Undoubtedly, the ever pervasive influence of the local hunt club through the Pony Club, through the Point-to-Point circuit and throughout the hunting year is the very nursery for many of our well-known jockeys and international show-jumpers. Indeed, perhaps Ireland’s most popular and world-famous show-jumper Eddie Macken was a celebrated Master of the Meath Hounds, as was Dr Austin Darragh, the father of the late Paul Darragh. Vincent O’Brien, Pat Taaffe, Johnny Murtagh, Adrian Maguire, Paul and Nina Carbery and countless other Irish equestrians who brought so much fame to our country learnt their trade in the hunting fields of Ireland.

The contribution fieldsports make to the State either directly or indirectly is unquestionable. Hunting in particular makes a significant contribution to tourism as many overseas visitors travel to Ireland to experience the thrill of riding behind a pack of hounds in the beautiful Irish countryside. Still more British visitors travel to Ireland annually to have a weekend walking behind some of our beagle and foot harriers packs. Not only do these visitors enjoy their sporting visit but our experience has shown that they return in the off season time and again to renew old acquaintances and revisit our beautiful countryside.

Fieldsports also contribute to the horse and greyhound industries and by providing employment directly and further down the value chain in companies that provide goods and services to fieldsports enthusiasts. For example, a person hunting on horseback two days a week during the season from August to March requires two hunters, stabling, a horsebox, tack, rugs and equipment for two horses and tonnes of feed stuffs, hay and straw. All of this generates income in the local community.

The Hunting Association of Ireland together with some other national fieldsports bodies are jointly funding a study on the economic benefits of fieldsports in the Republic of Ireland. This study is being conducted by Mr. David Scallan, Dr. Kieran Hickey and Dr. John McDonagh of the National University of Ireland, Galway. A recent interim report submitted to the Hunting Association of Ireland indicated that €42.8 million was spent in 2007 by the participants involved in hunting in Ireland. The results also showed that 93% of this money was spent in rural areas. By any standard this is a significant contribution to Ireland’s rural economy.

In 1990, a similar economic study was commissioned by the Irish Field and Country Sports Society undertaken by University College Dublin. This report stated that hunting with hounds contributed £15.4 (€19.5) million to the then Irish economy. The current study by Scallan et al., (2008) clearly illustrates that participation and economic activity regarding hunting with hounds has substantially increased over the past decade.

2.2 The Environment & Biodiversity

In addition to examining the economic benefits of hunting with hounds in Ireland, Scallan et al., (2008) assessed the impact of hunting to the conservation of habitat. The study in this regard indicates that hunts are responsible for creating and conserving a variety of habitats on agricultural land in Ireland. Research by Dover et al., (1997) has illustrated that habitats such as hedgerows and woodland conserved by those involved in hunting have positive impacts on biodiversity. McMahon and Whelan (2006) similarly outline the importance of hedgerows to farmland bird populations which are also created by hunts in Ireland.

The six national hunting organisations which comprise the Hunting Association of Ireland have a vested interest in caring for and preserving the countryside and an environment that is supportive of the habitats necessary for the long term benefit of the various quarries. It is evidential from the preliminary results by Scallan et al., (2008) that an enormous amount of work has been done over the years, and continues to be done, in the area of habitat conservation and the nurturing and protection of the different species of quarry by these national hunting bodies. It is only with and through the co-operation of our member associations that the situation recently reported by the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) can be redressed. In its report on the status of protected habitats and species in Ireland, the NPWS did not address the area of habitat maintenance. However, there is ample evidence that the lands controlled by hunting landowners exhibit a better habitat for wildlife than those of non-hunting ones.

2.3 Rural Aspects

Fieldsports are active in every county, in every town and parish on this island. Apart from the GAA, local organisations such as the Gun Club and the local hunt club or the village pack of foot harriers or beagles represent a deeply cherished and fundamental part of what rural people are all about. Fieldsports tend to unite rural and urban folk as evidenced by the large numbers of city dwellers who are actively involved in and join their fellow rural sportsmen and they encourage people to appreciate and understand the countryside, its traditions, its difficulties and all the animals and their habitat. Fieldsports enthusiasts work hard without State assistance to conserve and improve the habitats to the benefit of our native wildlife. In many hunting counties such as Meath, Kildare, Kilkenny, Galway, Limerick and Cork, the local hunt club owns and rents coverts that have existed for many centuries. These coverts naturally provide habitats for various forms of flora and fauna. Only recently the Meath Hunt had to sell a three acres wooded area because it stood in the way of the development of the new Dublin to Kells motorway. In many cases up and down this country if it wasn’t for the local hunt club these unique repositories would be lost to “progress”.

Fieldsports and hunting in particular provide a positive vehicle for the benefit of wildlife, habitat management and conservation within the State, whilst not costing the State anything. In fact, as shown above, organised hunting run by the members of the Hunting Association of Ireland provides economic benefits to the State. With Ireland’s new found wealth increasing numbers of ordinary people – some of whom had no previous experience – are coming out to hunting with hounds either on foot or on horseback. The demand is such that many hunt clubs have membership waiting lists that would be akin to golf clubs. But throughout the year by means of activities run by hunt clubs many young people from urban areas gain their first exposure to the countryside and its activities. Hunting with hounds affords young and old, urban and rural, an opportunity to see nature in its real and raw setting. Such people come to appreciate and understand the need for habitat and environment management and the interdependence of the different animals upon the commitment of hunters.

The constituent members of the Hunting Association of Ireland are intrinsically involved in their respective local rural communities professionally, through farming and other activities or through other sporting and cultural organisations such as the GAA. Our members have a direct interest in the environment and the care of animals, both domestic and wild, and furthermore we play an important and vital role in their management and control of certain species that ordinarily are regarded by the local community and farmers as “vermin” or “pest” in the usually accepted meaning of those words.

2.4 Legal Responsibilities

Whilst the Hunting Association of Ireland is the national co-ordinating body representing the six separate disciplines that comprise hunting with hounds, the constituent bodies are responsible for setting the standards, codes of practice and self-regulation procedures within their own area. Notwithstanding, the Hunting Association of Ireland and its member bodies work with and are subject to the regulations and directives of principally three Government departments, Agriculture & Food, Environment Heritage & Local Government and Arts, Sport and Tourism. The relationship between the Hunting Association of Ireland and the Government and the aforementioned departments, remains excellent. In addition, our affiliated hunt clubs that operate in or across the Northern border have excellent relationships with the corresponding Government departments in that jurisdiction.

Section 3 - Draft Animal Health and Welfare Bill

3.1 Animal Welfare

The Hunting Association of Ireland recognises that the Department of Agriculture and Food is best placed to deal with all animal welfare issues and that the Department of the Environment has a responsibility for the legislation relating to the control of dogs and issues relating to the environment and conservation. The Hunting Association of Ireland looks forward to working with the relevant Government departments and on any committees or sub-committees established to consider draft legislations that concerns animal welfare issues and/or issues relating to the keeping of dogs and hounds, and issues relating to the environment and conservation.

We understand that it is envisaged that under the proposed Bill animal health and welfare issues will be the responsibility of one single Government department. Whilst the Hunting Association of Ireland welcomes the transferring of all animal welfare issues to the Department of Agriculture and Food, we are concerned that issues relating to the control of animals and regulatory responsibilities may not be transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Food. In this regard, the Hunting Association of Ireland holds the view that, in so far as organised hunting with hounds is concerned that all of these matters should be the responsibility of the Department of Agriculture and Food. Another similar anomaly is that under the existing Wildlife Act, the Department of Environment has no authority to deal with welfare issues relating to wild deer. However, the Ward Union Hunt depends upon the Department of the Environment for its licence and yet, the Ward Union Hunt works very successfully and closely with the Department of Agriculture and Food on matters such as its Code of Practice and on issues relating to the care and welfare of the red deer herd maintained by the members and supporters of the Ward Union Hunt.

The current situation is neither effective nor efficient and we strongly believe that all matters relating to hunting and the maintenance of hounds and codes of hunting practices should be the remit of the Department of Agriculture and Food. The HAI is of the view that the Department of Agriculture are best equipped to deal with all animal welfare issues while the Department of Environment remain more than competent with regard to conservation issues. This would mean Health and Welfare would be the responsibility of the Dept of Agriculture. The HAI welcomes the transferring all Welfare issues with regard to animals to the Department of Agriculture. The HAI is of the opinion that currently the Department of Environment under the Wildlife Act has no authority to deal with Welfare issues relating to Wild Deer. The introduction of the Codes of Practice for this animal and the Ward Union Hunt’s acceptance them as part of their licence have dealt very effectively with these issues.

The members of the Hunting Association of Ireland strongly hold the view that humans have responsibilities for the animal over which we exercise control. We also believe that our members understand their responsibilities and recognise that animals under human control should be maintained:

· in a healthy and safe environment free from the risk of disease

· kept in conditions compliant with regulations and guidelines

· regularly monitor and subject to inspection

· veterinary help and advice as appropriate.

3.2 The Regulatory Role

The Hunting Association of Ireland accepts that the Department of Agriculture and Food has a responsibility to intervene on issues concerning the:

· protection of humans and the prevention of disease

· promotion of animal welfare for domestic animals

· protection of rural communities, rural employment, the rural economy and rural pastimes and sports involving animals

3.3 The Definition of an Animal

Although the Hunting Association of Ireland has not yet been afforded an opportunity to review or influence any proposed draft legislation or regulations, it occurs to us from the information available that there may be an attempt to draft a bill that will cover welfare issues relating to both domestic and wild animals. The Hunting Association of Ireland would advise caution if this assumption is correct because, as has been seen in other jurisdictions close to us and in some further afield, well-meaning animal welfare legislation later gave rise to serious problems in both the interpretation of the legislation when some matters came before the Courts and, serious problems for both regulators and for those in charge of the care of animals in the implementation of ill conceived legislation with disastrous consequences for the animals involved.

In consequence, to avoid such problems occurring in this jurisdiction, it would appear to be inappropriate to include wild animals in this proposed legislation. It is the view of the Hunting Association of Ireland that completely separate approaches need to be considered in drafting legislation affecting domestic animals and wild animals, particularly when one considers species that are regarded and have traditionally been regarded as vermin or pests (i.e. rodents, stoats, mink, fox, etc.). Indeed, a notable exception is the Irish Red Deer so carefully managed and maintained by the members, farmers and subscribers to the Ward Union Hunt for over 150 years.

As mentioned earlier, it is an anomalous situation when a responsible and respected body with 150 years of history like the Ward Union Hunt should continue to be licensed by the Department of Environment under the Wildlife Act 1976 but only in so far as this relates to the conservation of the deer species whilst, at the same time, issues concerning the general welfare of the deer maintained by the Hunt in its specialised deer reservation and while being hunted, are the responsibility of the Department of Agriculture.

As the thrust of the consultation document issued indicates that the proposed draft bill will, in large measure, be devoted to what is called a "protected" animal, i.e. that being an animal that is domesticated and under the control of man. The Hunting Association of Ireland supports the view that this description of an animal should be dealt with under a number of headings such as, “farm animal”, “domestic animal” or “an animal normally under the control of man”. We believe that work on such a definition or definition(s) should not prove to be a difficult or contentious issue.

The Hunting Association of Ireland would therefore recommend that the term “animal” should be dealt with in two separate ways under the proposed legislation namely,

· regulations concerning domesticated animals (being animals normally domesticated and that are under the control of man and used for commercial or recreational or sporting purposes

and

· that regulations should not govern wild animals (being animals born and normally living in the wild and that are not under the control of man.

The Wildlife Acts of 1976 and 2000 continue to deal with the welfare of wild animals and it is generally agreed that wild animals are well catered for by these Acts. It should not be the objective of the proposed legislation to redraft these existing Acts.

3.4 Duty of Care

The Hunting Association of Ireland accepts that those involved in animal husbandry have a duty of care to domesticated animals which are under their control. We also believe that it is not reasonable to expect that the same or a similar duty of care should be extended to wild animals which are not under man’s control. Notwithstanding, the members of the Hunting Association of Ireland accept that humans have a level of responsibility towards wild animals but that this level of responsibility will necessarily vary with the nature of the species or animal and the circumstances in which it interfaces with humans.

The member organisations which comprise the Hunting Association of Ireland all have designed and adopted particular codes of practice governing their treatment of certain animals and particularly the various quarries associated with their respective disciplines. We strongly believe that we as participants in these activities with many years experience are best placed to advise on the appropriate codes of conduct and standards that should apply in relation to the animals we hunt.

3.5 Areas of interest

The Hunting Association of Ireland has three main areas of interest with respect to the health and/or welfare of animals namely:

(i) Horses

(ii) Hounds

(iii) Foxes, hares, mink and deer (stags).

We will now briefly address these main areas of interest.

3.5.1 Horses

The two hunting associations that use horses in addition to hounds in their sport are the IMFHA and the IMHA. In these sports where the horse is an integral part of the activity, the welfare, upkeep and maintenance of the horse(s) used are governed by reference to “The Manual of Horsemanship” as published by the Pony Club and also by reference to various horse care, stable management and horse welfare papers published by the British Horse Society⁵ or by the world’s leading horse care magazine Horse and Hound⁶and these sources (amongst many others) cover all aspects of horse and stable management including the feeding and condition of horses, stabling, keeping horses on grass, transport, the duties of persons in charge of horses, veterinary aspects, farrier arrangements, horse clothing and equipment, etc

3.5.2 Hounds

In relation to the standards of health and welfare necessary for the care and maintenance of a pack of hounds, the member associations of the Hunting Association of Ireland have adopted and operate the Guidelines for Hunt Kennels in Ireland – Appendix 1. These guidelines comprehensively cover all aspects of hound welfare and management.

It should be noted that in drafting the Regulations on Dog Breeding Establishments earlier this year, the Department of the Environment acknowledged that the Guidelines of the Hunting Association of Ireland not only exceeded those envisaged by the department but, in some areas they could be deemed to be superior to those which could reasonably be expected to be met by commercial dog breeding establishments. The department also acknowledged that Hunt Clubs affiliated to the Hunting Association of Ireland are not and have never been commercial dog breeding establishments and that hounds bred by Hunt Clubs are for the preservation of the valuable hunting bloodlines for beagles, harriers, foxhounds, mink hounds and staghounds.

The Hunting Association of Ireland concludes that its Guidelines should be accepted and that these areas of management should not be subjected to or included in legislation relative to the management of dog breeding establishments under the Control of Dogs Act.

3.5.3 Quarry

The following will address each individual quarry.

The Fox

The fox is the quarry of a number of member associations comprising the Hunting Association of Ireland. In the code of practice of these associations, fox hunting as a sport is described as hunting the fox in its wild and natural state with a pack of hounds.

Traditionally the fox is classified as vermin and while those involved in farming, ornithology or conservation will testify to the sometimes devastatingly destructive predatory nature of the fox. Being at the top of his food chain the fox is a well documented predator of lambs, chickens and ground nesting birds. In contrast some people are often mislaid by the fox’s rather attractive appearance while others find it difficult to categorise the fox beside clearly less attractive wild animals such as the rat. Public perceptions have been reinforced by cartoons and movies where anthropomorphic values are attributed to the fox which clearly are a distorted view of reality.

In reality, where fox numbers are appropriately managed by Hunt Clubs and Gun Clubs, the farming and rural community accept not only the role of the hunt but they also acknowledge the role and place of the fox in the rich diversity of the Irish countryside.

The fox is an omnivore and will eat a wide variety of berries, worms and slugs as well as rabbits, eggs, birds and farm livestock. In the autumn when food is plentiful and lambs have matured there are few reasons for the fox and farmer to be enemies, but in the winter and spring, life is hard for the fox, particularly old, injured or diseased foxes that are no longer able to hunt rabbits and other small mammals successfully. They take the easier option of chickens, lambs or even a pregnant ewe that, as so often happens, gets stuck in a gap among briars in a hedge. The old fox will eat it from the back end without even needing to kill it first. It is precisely these problem foxes that hounds are most likely to kill. Where a healthy young fox will generally be fast enough and fit enough to escape unscathed it is the old diseased fox that will be caught and quickly dispatched.

It is important to make the point that a fox hunted by hounds will either be caught and killed instantly or will escape unhurt. We must not confuse what might be gory with what is cruel. There is no more humane death for a fox than to be taken by hounds. Indeed, the worst possible cruelty is often inflicted by nature because the fox who dies from old age or natural causes suffers a long and lingering death over many weeks. Foxes suffer from mange and as they age they acquire other discomforts such as arthritis and loosing their teeth which are vital to their existence. A weakened and malnourished fox will either die a slow death of starvation, hypothermia and disease. He becomes a serious predatory and in this respect foxhunting provides a natural means of culling and regulating fox numbers by culling those which are unhealthy. But in death as in life the fox is an eternal optimist who has been equipped by nature to cope with the normal stresses of life in the wild. Like the person crossing the road at a pedestrian crossing, the hunted fox believes that he too with get to his destination unhindered.

From time to time foxes seek refuge underground in an earth, in a water drain or amongst large straw bales stacked in fields. Where it is requested by the farmer that the fox is accounted for, the Hunting Association of Ireland has agreed a strict set of rules and procedures with the Department of Agriculture and Food – Appendix 2.

Finally, and particularly in relation to the fox, it is important when drafting legislation in relation to the welfare of a hunted species that the species needs and the massive contribution to the intricate balance of biodiversity in our countryside is considered. In this respect those engaged in promoting “animal rights” as opposed to animal welfare, are fundamentalists who deny the vital role in species protection and habitat maintenance. What animal rights group in Ireland owns or substantially invests in the care and maintenance of the bogs, woodlands, coverts and rough ground that a Hunt Club, a hunting farmer or a hunt supporting landowner owns or maintains? There are none. Those involved in hunting on the other hand play a huge and unacknowledged part in biodiversity in rural Ireland.

The primary function of a huntsman is to manage a sustainable and healthy fox population in co-operation with the farmers in his hunt area. A testament to his success is that in areas where foxhunting thrives there are healthy foxes. In those areas not hunted by an organised and recognised pack of hounds, the unfortunate fox has been driven almost to extinction by more ruthless means of control such as snaring, poisoning and gassing. A fox killed by these indiscriminate methods dies a slow and lingering death unlike the swift dispatch of a fox by hounds.

The Hare

The hare is the quarry of beagles, some foot harriers packs and a smaller number of registered harrier packs that use horses.

The Irish hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus) is an endemic sub-species of the mountain hare (Lepus timidus Linnaeus) and is the only native lagomorph in Ireland. The Irish hare has been legally protected since 1930 in the Republic of Ireland, initially under the Game Preservation Act (1930) and more recently under the Wildlife Act (1976) as amended by the Wildlife Act in 2000.

The sport of beagling and hare hunting has a long and illustrious tradition in Ireland in its involvement with the hare and the Irish Masters of Beagles Association (IMBA) has over many years conducted its own surveys through its member hunts of hare population in the areas hunted by foot beagles. It all areas that are regularly hunted hares number have consistently been reported as being strong. This fact was supported by the recent report commissioned by the NPWS namely the “Status of Hares in Ireland - Hare Survey of Ireland 2006/07”⁷. This report stated, inter alia, that:

“the estimated abundance of hares in the Republic of Ireland taken together with the results of the Northern Ireland hare survey in 2007 (Reid, et al. 2007b), suggest that there were 649,000 hares (95% CI 432,000-1,198,000) in Ireland as a whole during early 2007.

In common with hare populations elsewhere the Irish hare has the capacity for dramatic short-term population change and it is plausible that the population could have more than doubled between 2006 and 2007.”

In view of the hares current status and protection under the Wildlife Acts, it is recommended that the hare should not be included under this proposed Bill.

The IMBA and the other harrier associations (IMHA and the IFHA) have been aware of the occasional fluctuations in hare populations for a considerable time and we have noticed the affects of new farming methods on hare number and habitats. Our associations, and IMBA members in particular, promote and encourage the farming community in their areas to protect the hare and engage in farming practices which benefit the local hare population. In this regard the REPS Scheme should be of benefit into the future.

Although the hare lives it’s life above ground, hares are rarely killed by hounds because of their ability to conceal their scent and because of their speed and agility over distances. As the hare is hunted his scent weakens and, as a result, the sport is the art of the huntsman is trying to pick up the weakened scent whilst, in the meantime, the hare may have out several miles between him and his pursuers. In the unlikely event that a hare is taken by beagles or harriers it is dispatched instantly.

Stags

The Ward Union Hunt is the only remaining hunt club that continues to hunt what is termed the “carted stag” and its success over the past 150 years is attributed to the enormous amount of money that the supporters of the Hunt Club have invested in maintaining and preserving a unique herd of Irish Red Deer. In times past there were hunt clubs in Cavan, Roscommon, Westmeath and Limerick that hunted the carted stag but these hunt clubs did not survive, principally for economic reason, and the clubs changed to hunting foxes.

Currently the hunting of the red deer by the Ward Union Hunt is permitted by licence under Section 26(ii) of the Wildlife Act 1976. The herd of red deer owned by the Ward Union Hunt in their specialised deer park are governed by the Animals Act 1911 and it subsequent amendments. Once a stag is released into the wild (the Ward Union Hunt do not hunt hinds), legislatively the hunting of the deer reverts to the authority of the Wildlife Act. Some concerns have been raised as to the status of the hunted deer by the Ward Union Hunt. There are differing interpretations and views on the stag in the wild as his status under the various Acts. Some might argue that the stag is domesticated and as such should not come under the scope of the Wildlife Acts. In this respect, the Department of Agriculture’s own veterinarian, Dr Kieran Kane, was assigned to monitor the deer and stags maintained and hunted by the Ward Union Hunt and, after a number of years, Dr Kane concluded that the deer owned by the Ward Union Hunt are in fact ‘wild’.

Whilst the executive of the Ward Union Hunt welcome the transferring of all welfare issues with regard to animals to the Department of Agriculture and Food, it is noted with concern that control and regulatory responsibilities in relation to other important aspects of the deer and their management will not be transferred and pro tem, licensing under the Department of Environment under the Wildlife Act 1976 looks likely to continue but only in so far as it relates to the conservation of the deer.

The Ward Union Hunt and its legal advisors are of the opinion that, currently under the Wildlife Acts, the Department of Environment has no authority to deal with welfare issues relating to wild deer. Some issues raised in this regard were overcome in a practical sense by the introduction of a Code of Practice which the Ward Union Hunt accepted as part of their licence. However, the Ward Union Hunt look forward to working with and co-operating with the department on the drafting of any new legislation regarding these issues and we hope for an opportunity to clarify this anomaly. The Ward Union Hunt is of the view that the Department of Agriculture is best equipped to deal with all animal welfare issues while the Department of Environment remain more than competent with regard to conservation issues. However it may be considered prudent that the current role of the NPWS be moved from the Department of the Environment to the Department of Agriculture and Food. In this way, the important matters of conservation and animal welfare would be the responsibility of one department.

The deer, while wild in terms of their breeding and their nature, are nevertheless maintained in the deer park under the control of and subject to, the expertise that has been built up by the employees of the Ward Union Hunt. As things stand, the care and welfare of the deer owned by the Ward Union Hunt are very heavily regulated by the Department of Agriculture and Food in all its aspects and the hunt club, supported by the Hunting Association of Ireland, believe that no further regulatory provisions are necessary.

Mink

There are currently three Mink Hunt Clubs located in Munster and all of which are members of the IMMHA. Up until 1990 these hunt clubs were licensed to hunt the otter by way of annual licensing system under the Wildlife Act (1976). However, at the conclusion of the hunting season in 1989 an application for a hunting license for the 1990 season was submitted but as the hunts never received a reply to this application they found themselves to be unlicensed and could not continue hunting otter. As no licence was subsequently granted and rather than destroy over a hundred hounds and disband the hunts, some of which had been in existence since the early part of the 20th century, they changed to hunting mink which are now widespread on all Irish rivers.

As a result the Wildlife Amendment Act (2000) removed the Hunting Clause entirely, it is now illegal to hunt or intentionally kill otters. All hounds under the control of the Mink Hunt Clubs are trained to hunt mink and to ignore the otter, in the same way as foxhounds are trained not to break on hares and hare hounds are trained not to break on foxes

The mink is not native to Irish rivers and their presence is due to the fact that hundreds of them escaped from Irish mink farms, particularly in the Munster region where they now inhabit all the rivers in the Munster area. Mink are regarded as a pest because they are extremely destructive and they kill for pleasure. Farmers have often found lambs apparently killed by mink. Throughout the Munster region the Mink Hunts are made welcome by local landowners.

As with all hunting people the mink hunters have a keen appreciation of the environment and have first hand knowledge of the state of our rivers and riverside habitat. The mink hunters have frequently expressed their concern to the relevant Local Authorities on matters of pollution and on the destruction of habitat.

The mink is hunted with pack of hounds in its wild and natural habitat. During its pursuit whilst hunting no human interference is tolerated. Occasionally mink, as a natural consequence of being hunted, will go to ground and in such circumstances the mink hunters adhere to the same set of rules and procedures which have been agreed with the Department of Agriculture in dealing with the fox when it goes to ground (refer appendix II).

3.6 Other Matters

This area includes:-

The wide-ranging powers of the Minister to make regulations on such matters as Codes of Practice, Authorised Officers and the ability of Local Authorities to make regulations for their areas needs to be addressed.

3.6.1 Making of Regulations

While it is accepted as necessary for any Minister to make Regulations for the implementation of an Act the statement in the Consultation Document that

“A significant part of the legislation will be in the form of general principles with the detailed operational aspects to be provided for by way of statutory instruments (SIs)” is of grave concern to the Hunting Association of Ireland. As this stands it would appear that this would enable a Minister to change and amend existing legislation, regulations or agreed rules and procedures, without prior and appropriate consultation. This situation, as proposed, is entirely unacceptable and we know not of any other constituency or group that could or would be subjected to such a draconian law.

The Hunting Association of Ireland supports and accepts the responsibility of the Oireachtas to draft appropriate laws and statutory instruments but the weakness is that there is usually no debate in either house of the Oireachtas on their contents. This is entirely unsatisfactory. Furthermore there is no mention of the procedures to be followed for the review and amendment of any such regulations and this is a matter of grave concern to the Hunting Association of Ireland.

3.6.2 Codes of Practice

Here again it would appear that the proposal is to allow a Minister to have wider powers in this area and there is no procedure for the review of any such codes proposed. It is not clear what force of law these will have once published. It is also not stated what the situation is with regard to existing Codes of Practice and/or Agreements made between the various Associations and different Government departments over the years in relation to animal welfare and hunting. These matters need clarification and underline the importance for the involvement of the Hunting Association of Ireland in committees establish to consider this proposed new legislation.

3.6.3 Authorised Officers

The appointment of Authorised Officers to implement or enforce the provisions of any changed legislation or any new Act is another area that requires serious consideration as to who appoints such officers, on what basis, what are their skill set and qualifications, who is responsible for their training and to whom will they be responsible and how they will interface with each other and with the various bodies and people with whom they may deal.

3.6.4 Local Authority Regulations

As different Local Authorities can deal with the same matter in differing ways there is a need for serious consideration to be given to this proposal. The possible role of the Department for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government is not outlined in this area.

It appears to the Hunting Association of Ireland that the most suitable way to deal with the above matters is through an Advisory Council charged with the responsibility of reviewing and deciding on the practical implications and application of any new regulations or laws before they are signed off as recommended hereunder in the proposed duties of this body.

Important Note

This is not an exhaustive list of the areas which the Hunting Association of Ireland considers as being of serious concern to its members and its interests but, as already noted above, it is impossible to make a full and complete response to the proposed legislation until we have been afforded an opportunity to review a Draft Bill.

1. Accommodation.

The appropriate housing of hounds is essential to their health and welfare. Good housing will reduce the risk of disease.

1.1. Buildings and Accommodation.

Buildings may be purpose built or adapted farm buildings. These should be of solid construction, ideally with pitched roof and airspace. Cavity wall insulation is also desirable but not essential.

Kennels should provide adequate space with easily cleaned surfaces, good drainage and a separate eating area.

Hounds are pack animals and therefore where possible should be housed together. Hounds are usually kept in groups of 20–40 animals in kennels or lodges with a raised, insulated sleeping area or bed that provides:

sufficient room per animal;
good ventilation with adequate air exchange;
a draft free and comfortable environment.

Ideally the beds should be made of insulated concrete overlaid with a waterproof paint.

1.2. Ventilation.

Good ventilation is essential for preventing outbreaks of respiratory disease such as kennel cough and for ensuring a healthy respiratory environment. Different buildings will clearly achieve an adequate air exchange in a variety of ways depending on the building in question.

The building may be subdivided into a number of “lodges” but share a common air space. The ideal method for ventilation is that fresh air is drawn in at ground or window level, warmed by the heat of the animals within and expelled as stale air through the ridge of the building, partly by convection and partly by external wind suction/flow.

In buildings where satisfactory ventilation is not being achieved, consideration should be given to either new outlets being installed or a fan assisted scheme.

Kennels should smell clean and fresh; those that do not are likely to have inadequate ventilation.

1.3. Whelping Accommodation.

Whelping pens should be provided that are warm and draft free. Particular attention should be paid to the lying surface which should be covered with carpet.

If infrared lamps are used these should be securely fixed and hung at a height that allows the lamp to be effective in warming the whelps, without any risk of burning the bitch.

Dependent on the weather, puppies should have access to “grass pens” within 2 weeks.

1.4. Quarantine Kennel.

Separate accommodation for nursing wounded or sick animals and for bitches in season should be provided. Artificial heating should be available. Oral fluid therapy (water and electrolytes) should be available. For seriously ill animals – Seek advice from your veterinary surgeon.

1.5. Cleaning and Hygiene.

Attention to hygiene is essential for preventing problems with external parasites such as mange and lice and for avoiding intestinal disease caused by a variety of organisms.

Smooth easily cleaned surfaces on internal walls of lodges should be at a height of approximately 4ft (dependent on the size of the hound), or cement rendered and finished with a waterproof paint. The external walls of kennel yards should be plastered.

Yards should be washed down regularly.

Bed shavings should be brushed up daily and changed weekly. Straw, preferably oat straw, is also suitable for hound bedding providing that it is dust free and without awns. It should be changed regularly and before it becomes contaminated.

In the event of disease outbreaks disinfectants such as Dettol or bleach at the recommended dilutions should be used.

Kennels, including the internal roof space, should be steam cleaned once a year.

Whelping kennels should be thoroughly cleaned every 2-3 days when in use.

1.6. Flesh House.

Buildings used for the handling of fallen stock should comply with the standards set by the Animal By-Products Regulations as laid down by the Department of Agriculture and amended from time to time.

2. Feed and Water.

2.1. Feeding – General.

Hounds may be fed either dry food, flesh or a combination of both. As with flesh feeding only, the combined approach is a less exact science than dry feeding only.

Huntsmen should “observe” hounds individually to gauge the right level of food per hound – getting this right is an attribute of good stockmanship.

Hounds should be fed in groups daily on a regular routine. Special attention should be paid to slow feeders.

Huntsmen in charge of harrier and beagle hounds will be aware that as their hounds are smaller than foxhounds they will require proportionately less food.

2.2. Dry Feeding.

Feeding hounds with a proprietary brand of food only is now practised by many hunts because of the cost of flesh collection. It also represents a more controlled method of feeding as it can be tailored more easily to the work output and needs of the hound.

Guidelines for protein, fat and energy content of the diet are:

	Growing hounds and Light working hounds	Hunting Hounds	Lactating bitches
Oil	6-8% DM	10-12% DM	10% DM
Protein	18-20% DM	22-25% DM	22-25% DM
Carbohydrate (Cereal)	45-50% DM	45-50% DM	45-50% DM

[Key: DM = Dry Matter. Digestibility should be greater than 80%]

Huntsmen should check the data sheet supplied with the brand of meal used against the standards given in the table above. Further, they should be aware that the fat content of dry feed will not be defined on the bag and, in any case, may be lower than that required. Fat content may be raised by feeding pies, chicken waste or bought in fat.

Research on working huskies has shown that an increase in protein alone is not the answer but increasing fat content enables the dog to utilise feed more effectively and hence enhance performance.

The 45-50% carbohydrate or cereal basis of dry food formulations recognises the fact that the diet of a carnivore such as a dog does not need to be an exclusively flesh diet. Indeed in physiological terms hounds are probably better with a cereal-based diet since an all flesh diet provides protein levels far higher than is necessary for maintenance and even the most strenuous work. Since the body cannot store protein the surplus has to be metabolised and excreted, which puts a physiological load on the kidneys and liver.

Carnivores, and dogs in particular, are readily able to metabolise fat and oil to produce their energy requirements and this fact is exploited in dry food formulations by raising the 8% oil level in the diet of the light working hound to 12% for the hunting diet.

Feeding levels should be adjusted to weather extremes - upwards for cold and downwards for hot conditions.

2.2.1. Adult Hounds - Should receive approximately 750g of dry food a day in a single feed. Unlimited access to water should be allowed.

2.2.2. Pregnant Bitches – In the last 3 weeks of pregnancy increase the feed by 10% and change to a 50:50 adult:puppy ration. The ration may be divided equally between 2 meals, but careful attention should be paid to the condition of the bitch; neither too fat nor too thin which in turn will facilitate an easy whelping and the feeding of the pups.

2.2.3. Lactating Bitches – The milking bitch should be fed a high (25%) protein diet 3-4 times a day with free access to clean water – puppy food is ideal. In the first week of lactation this should be approx. 1.25X maintenance increasing to 3+1/2 times by week 4. If the bitch has a history of eclampsia ( milk tetany) a calcium supplement should be fed starting in the last few days of pregnancy.

When weaning begins at about 3 weeks of age start to reduce the birth’s diet aiming for a maintenance ration by the time the pups are fully weaned. If the bitch has lost condition maintain the protein rich diet and quantity until she improves.

2.2.4. Suckling and Growing Puppies. – pups should be introduced and fed to appetite on a suitable dry puppy food ( minimum 20% protein ) as they are gradually weaned from 3 weeks of age onwards. A regime of 2-3 meals a day may be instituted from three months of age. From six months of age healthy pups should be gradually changed onto a maintenance diet fed twice a day. The quantity of feed needs to be increased over the rapid growth period ( 5-9 months ) to reach a peak of approx. 30% above the adult maintenance after which it should be levelled off.

If pups are fed flesh and pies this should not constitute more than 50% of their diet.

Bitch and her pups should be regularly overseen by the Huntsman or other nominated person. A healthy bitch should be able to raise 7-8 pups but more will require supplementary feeding or a pre-planned foster bitch.

2.3. Flesh Feeding.

As indicated above flesh feeding is less of an exact science than dry food feeding and kennel huntsmen should therefore “observe” their hounds more carefully and gauge the right level of flesh per hound.

Hounds should receive up to 1.5kg of palatable flesh a day. Cooking the flesh will reduce the risk of transmitting infectious organisms such as tapeworms and salmonella.

2.4. Fallen Stock.

Hunt kennels that collect or receive carcasses for feeding to hounds require the appropriate licences / permits from the Department of Agriculture.

Huntsmen should be aware that raw flesh maybe contaminated with infectious organisms such as salmonella or tapeworm cysts. The risk of transmission is considerably reduced if the evisceration and cutting up process is carried out hygienically so that the flesh does not become contaminated by gut contents or the contents of tapeworm cysts. The risk is also considerably reduced if sheep carcasses are not used, as sheep are the principal carriers of tapeworm cysts.

2.5. Disposal of Waste.

Waste should be disposed in accordance with Local Authority and Department regulations.

2.6. Water.

Hounds should have access to water at all times.

Water troughs should be designed and placed where:

· They are protected from fouling;

· There is a low risk of the water freezing in cold weather;

· There is sufficient space and easy access for the hounds.

3. Exercise.

3.1. Regular and adequate exercise is essential for the good health of hounds.

Huntsmen should establish an exercise schedule so that hounds are walked out regularly. The amount of exercise should ensure that hounds are fit enough to meet the demands of their hunting activities.

Exercise periods are also an optimal time to observe hounds individually. Huntsmen should always carry with them a pocket notebook and immediately record when bitches are coming into season. Keeping records will help to ensure that breeding bitches are covered at the appropriate time and give guidance as to when the next season may be due (normally six months intervals).

It should also be noted if any hounds are lame or showing signs of sickness it is recommended that a simple note of the condition be kept which will enable the huntsman to check when hounds are back in kennels and take appropriate action.

Pregnant bitches require reduced exercise and care should be taken to ensure that these bitches are not squeezed or pushed about through doorways when hounds are being fed or are exiting the kennels.

3.2. Grass Yards.

Grass yards can be a useful alternative to kennel routine but should not to be used as replacement for taking hounds out for proper exercise. Grass yards should be securely fenced, have adequate shelter or shade and a plentiful supply of water.

Hounds in grass yards are at an increased risk from worm infestations and as such the yards should be cleansed of faeces regularly with smaller yards being cleansed daily.

Grass yards are frequently used to “turn out” puppies that are back from walkers during the winter and spring months and again they should be cleansed regularly.

4. Breeding.

4.1. Selection of Hounds.

The genetic status of hounds, that is their breeding and strain, will undoubtedly have a bearing on disease resistance and performance. Breeding bitches should be genetically selected for their hunting ability, conformation and temperament. It is important that they are in good condition at the time of mating.

4.2. Limit on the number of litters a bitch may have

No bitch should be allowed to produce more than four (4) litters during her lifetime and there should be a reasonable space between litters in the interests of the Health and Welfare of the Bitch.

4.3. Records.

An individual record of breeding, movement, death and disposal of hounds, including puppies, should be kept and archived. Huntsmen should keep records of when bitches come into season in order to enable optimal mating.

4.4. Oestrus and Mating.

The first sign of oestrus (season) will be a swelling of the vulva, but the first sign of blood should be counted as day 1.

Bitches should be covered as soon as they will stand “willingly” to be mated, which will generally be at 10 days. However, they should be tried from day 6 onwards.

Mate the bitch every other day until she ceases to stand – aim for at least two matings. The most common error, especially where bitches are visiting other kennels, is that the bitch has passed her optimal time for mating.

If the bitch is discharging more than three weeks after starting her season, it is abnormal and veterinary advice should be sought immediately.

If bitches are not becoming pregnant there may be physiological or infectious reasons and a veterinary surgeon should be consulted.

4.5. Whelping

The bitch should be introduced to the whelping accommodation at least ten days before she is due.

In the last week of pregnancy the rectal temperature will fluctuate. There is a marked drop 8 – 24 hrs before labour. The temperature returns to normal as the pups are born.

Whelping is divided into 3 stages.

1st stage labour can last up to 24 hours. The bitch is likely to be restless, panting and show nesting and other behavioural changes.

2nd stage labour is when the waters break – clear fluid - visible abdominal straining starts and the rectal temperature returns to normal. The first pup may take 2-4 hrs to be born. The bitch may show short periods of rest between delivering the pups.

The following danger signs require immediate veterinary intervention.

· The waters have broken 2-3 hrs ago and the bitch is doing nothing.

· There is no straining and the vaginal discharge turns green.

· The bitch shows weak, irregular contractions for more than 2-4 hrs and no pup is born.

· There is constant abdominal straining for 1 hr and no pup is born

· The vaginal discharge is red/brown in colour.

If there is any concern seek immediate veterinary advice – sooner rather than later.

3rd stage labour is the expulsion of the foetal membranes. Each placenta usually follows the pup as it is born although occasionally 2-3 pups may be born with their membranes’ expelled afterwards. It is preferable, where possible, to count the placentas and to discourage the bitch from eating them as she may develop vomiting and diarrhoea. Post whelping there may be a vaginal discharge for 2-3 weeks.

When whelping is over it is essential to check that all puppies are alive and have fed – quiet puppies are contented puppies.

Post whelping the following signs require veterinary attention.

· If all the placentas have not been passed 4-6 hrs post whelping – be aware that the bitch may have eaten some.

· The discharge is brown and malodorous.

· There is persistent vaginal haemorrhage.

· The bitch is dull, listless, not eating and not feeding the pups.

· She has signs of mastitis i.e. hot, hard and painful teats.

5. Health.

5.1. General.

Maintenance of good health is the most basic requirement affecting the welfare of hounds. Measures to protect health include good hygiene, good husbandry, effective ventilation and regular exercise.

All Hunts should have a good relationship with a veterinary practice. This is essential to ensure good husbandry and welfare. Hunts should work with one veterinary practice and within that practice have one principal contact.

5.2. Hound Health Programme.

Each Hunt should have a hound health programme drawn up on the basis of this Code of Practice, which is agreed annually by the Huntsman and the principal veterinary contact.

5.3. Preventative Measures.

Each Hunt should have a regular routine of veterinary visits to the kennels by the principal veterinary surgeon, using a pre-agreed health programme as a checklist.

5.3.1. Worming Procedures.

There is a responsibility on Huntsmen to ensure that hounds are regularly wormed. Adult hounds should be wormed for tapeworms, roundworms and hookworms at least twice a year, at the start and end of the hunting season, with a licensed product in accordance with its data sheet.

There are a number of different compounds for worm treatment. Some compounds will treat only one type of worm, whilst others will treat all types. Huntsmen should consult their veterinary surgeon to work out the best programme for their hounds.

5.3.2. Tapeworms.

Hounds should be wormed regularly for tapeworms (Dipylidium, Taenia and Echinococcus spp), not only for their own health but also as a precautionary measure to prevent any spread of infection to farm livestock.

Regular treatment with a wormer that contains praziquantel plays an essential part in controlling tapeworms.

5.3.3. Roundworms.

Unlike tapeworms, roundworms (Ascarid spp) do not have a lifecycle that involves an intermediate host. Instead vast numbers of eggs are passed in the faeces of the infected hound by the adult parasite and infection (except for newborn pups – see below) is direct, that is by ingestion of faecal material, containing the roundworm eggs.

Breeding bitches can pass roundworms to their unborn puppies in utero (in the womb) and as such should be wormed at mating and again at 6 weeks gestation with fenbendazole at 25mg/kg and thereafter DAILY to two days following whelping.

Puppies should be wormed at 12-14 days of age and then every two weeks up to 12 weeks and thereafter every month to 6 months of age.

Hounds should be wormed regularly for roundworms not only for their health but Huntsmen should also be aware that, because infection with the parasite initially involves a migratory stage through the body aberrant, migrating roundworm larvae from dogs are a potential hazard for humans. The risk however is low and is effectively eliminated by a regular worming programme.

5.3.4. Hookworms.

As hounds are kennelled animals, frequently with access to grass yards, they are also susceptible to infestation with hookworms (Uncinaria and Ancylostoma spp) and whipworms (Trichuris spp). Hygiene, rotation of grass yards and picking up faeces will help to reduce the source of the infection as will regular worming.

5.3.5. Vaccinations.

Puppies should be vaccinated according to the data sheet recommendations. A polyvalent vaccine containing canine distemper virus, parvovirus, adeno (hepatitis) CAV-2 virus, leptospirosis and parainfluenza virus should be used. Some vaccines now also contain coronavirus.

· Vaccinations at 8 and 10 weeks will confer immunity on the pup by 12 weeks of age – when they go out to walk.

· Annual boosters are advisable to maintain the hounds’ immunity. Two options are available

1. All components are boosted annually or

2. Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza and Coronavirus boosted annually with

3. Distemper, Hepatitis and Parvovirus being boosted alternate years.

Hounds drafted in from other Hunts, of uncertain vaccination status, should receive a full primary course of 2 injections.

5.4. Clinical signs of systemic (generalised) disease.

Huntsmen familiar with their animals will be able to detect abnormalities in the animals in their care. The key to recognising early signs of disease is good observation whilst exercising or feeding. Signs may include:

Loss of appetite;
Diarrhoea;
Persistent vomiting;
Body shape change - loss of weight, dehydration, abdominal distension;
Lethargy or collapse;
Respiratory distress – coughing, breathlessness;
Bilateral conjunctivitis;
Congestion (reddening) or yellowing of mucous membranes (gums or eyes);
Heart rate elevated;
Raised rectal temperature (greater than 102°F or 39°C).

Any affected animal should be isolated immediately and put under close observation. This is not only for the benefit of the sick animal but will also help to minimise the risk of any cross infection with other hounds.

A veterinary surgeon should be consulted immediately if the condition appears serious or there are any signs of deterioration.

Sudden and/or unexpected deaths should be recorded and reported to your veterinary surgeon, who may investigate further if he, or she, considers it necessary.

5.5. Infectious and Contagious Diseases.

Nowadays there are only two serious diseases that may present a problem in packs of hounds – kennel cough and mange.

Canine distemper, canine hepatitis, parvovirus infection and leptospirosis remain serious and potentially fatal diseases for dogs, particularly young animals, but the effectiveness of modern vaccines has largely controlled these diseases of the canine population.

It is thus imperative that Huntsmen ensure that they continue to vaccinate all hounds properly to prevent the re-emergence of these potentially fatal diseases.

5.6. Kennel Cough.

This is the most common respiratory disease which affects hounds. As with the common cold in humans, a number of infectious agents may be responsible. It is highly contagious.

Most cases involve a primary viral infection which may be mild and transitory. Secondary bacteria and other agents may become involved if hounds are stressed and will create more severe problems.

In general young hounds are more susceptible with transmission occurring when infected hounds are in close contact with susceptible ones.

Signs of infection usually develop within three to five days following initial exposure, the main symptom being a dry hacking cough which is exacerbated by excitement or exercise. Occasionally a nasal discharge is present. Temperature is usually only mildly raised for a short time, if at all.

In uncomplicated cases, signs are usually mild and a hound will improve within about 10 days. The majority of cases do not require medical treatment and will improve with rest and fresh air.

However, complications do occur and may progress to lower respiratory disease and pneumonia, which can be fatal if not recognised early and treated quickly, usually with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Loss of appetite, dullness, an elevated rectal temperature (over 39°C) and rapid breathing are the cardinal signs of lower respiratory disease.

Prevention: The two currently available kennel cough vaccines have been improved and are now licensed to last a year.

In addition Huntsmen should look to the environment of their lodges, if kennel cough is a persistent problem with their hounds. Adequate ventilation, a dust free environment and attention to hygiene and cleanliness are the keys to controlling the disease. The disease is not readily transmitted in the open air.

Mixing of visiting hounds and those back from walk are potential sources of infection.

Huntsmen are strongly advised to consult their veterinary surgeon as soon as there are any signs of kennel cough.

5.7. Mange.

Mange is caused by the microscopic mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows into the skin causing pruritis (itching) with subsequent hair loss, thickening of the skin, crusty surface exudates and general loss of condition. The earflaps, elbows and hocks are usually the first areas affected and young hounds are more susceptible. If untreated, animals can become severely debilitated.

The infestation spreads rapidly between animals so that the condition is rarely seen in just one animal and all animals in direct contact with the primary cases should be regarded as potentially affected.

Huntsmen should be aware that the disease could be transmitted to other animals, including man and particularly children. Therefore, care should be taken after handling infected animals to change out of working clothes at the kennels and to wash hands thoroughly before returning home. Rubber gloves should be worn when handling infected animals.

Although the clinical signs of itching and hair loss in a number of hounds make diagnosis of the condition relatively simple, confirmation can only be made by identifying the mite under the microscope from a skin scraping. The disease is readily treated so you should consult your veterinary surgeon for the best course of treatment. All animals in immediate contact with the affected animals should be treated and the lodge thoroughly cleansed. The parasite does not survive away from an animal host in the fabric of a building for more than a couple of weeks.

5.8. Treatment – General.

If an injury is severe the Huntsman should consult a veterinary surgeon about the most appropriate course of action.

Speed of treatment is essential both in terms of welfare and the law. It is therefore vital that Huntsmen have the authority to make rapid decisions, so that delays and subsequent problems are avoided.

If the hound is to be treated the animal should be restrained, confined on its own and receive first aid treatment. If the injury is so severe, and a veterinary surgeon is unavailable, then the Huntsman should have the authority to decide that euthanasia is the most humane option to relieve suffering.

Severe lameness, often following a traumatic accident, may be associated with distortion or displacement of the limb and loss of normal flexion and extension due to dislocation or fracture of the limb. This is an acute situation requiring instant action.

Oral fluid therapy (water and electrolytes) and warmth are beneficial in dehydrated and ill hounds. However if the hound does not respond the animal should be referred to a veterinary surgeon.

5.8.1. Skin, Muscle and Pad Lacerations.

These should be cleansed thoroughly at the earliest opportunity by generous irrigation with saline (one teaspoon of salt to a pint of warm water), diluted chlorhexidine or similar product to remove foreign material. AVOID Dettol, TCP, methylated spirit and other tissue damaging solutions. Having cleansed the wound a healing ointment may be applied. Cleansing and dressing should be repeated daily as required.

5.8.2. Staple Guns.

Many simple wounds can be closed using a modern staple gun. These are easy to use and they facilitate rapid healing. They should not be used for bite or muscle wounds and should not be used unless appropriate instruction has been received from a veterinary surgeon. If there is any doubt about the appropriateness of using staples a veterinary surgeon should be consulted.

5.8.3. Bites.

These should be cleansed thoroughly as above but because they are often deep penetrating wounds involving bacterial contamination their treatment will probably need supporting antibiotic therapy and as such your veterinary surgeon should be consulted.

5.8.4. Inflammation of Eyes and Ears.

Simple cases may be treated with proprietary drops or ointments recommended by your veterinary surgeon. Inflammation of the ears may be due to mites but many eardrop preparations will contain a suitable acaricide.

Cases that fail to respond to treatment may be due to foreign bodies such as grass seeds (in summer), which will need to be removed by a veterinary surgeon. Note that bilateral conjunctivitis is often a sign of generalised disease

Note also that severe trauma to the eye is an acute situation requiring immediate attention by a veterinary surgeon.

5.8.5. Skin Infections and Hair Loss.

These are usually caused by external parasites; mange mites, fleas or lice and may be treated by suitable topical medicated baths.

Certain spot on preparations such as Stronghold (Pfizer) are effective for treatment and prevention of a number of external and internal parasites including mange mites, fleas and roundworms.

Treatment of puppies at 8 weeks with spot on preparations prior to departing to walkers is strongly recommended and also politic. You should consult your veterinary surgeon for the best course of treatment for the hounds’ particular condition.

Scrupulous attention to kennel hygiene is important to prevent and contain these infestations.

5.8.6. Lameness.

Most cases of sub acute lameness in hounds are seated in the foot. Examine the foot carefully for cuts and foreign bodies. Treat as above for foot lacerations and only when certain that the foot is not involved consider other parts of the limb.

5.9. Tattooing.

Tattooing should be carried out for identification purposes utilising the tattooing kits available and in accordance with Best Practice.

5.10. Euthanasia.

The recommended method of euthanasia for pups before their eyes are open is concussion. For adult hounds and puppies over the age of 10 weeks a humane killer should be used. Alternatively all ages of hounds may be put down by a veterinary surgeon with an overdose of pento barbitone sodium (Euthatal).

Carcasses should be disposed of in accordance with Department regulations.

5.11. Possession, Storage and Administration of Medicines.

Veterinary advice should be sought on the appropriate medicines that can be kept at the kennels and should be held in a secure place at the required temperature in accordance with the instructions on the labels.

6. Transport.

6.1. General

Hounds should be transported in a way that would not cause injury or unnecessary suffering.

6.2. Journeys

All persons who take animals on a journey, whatever the length, should always apply the following good transport practice:

· The journey is properly planned and time is kept to a minimum and the animals are checked and their needs met during the journey;

· The animals are fit to travel;

· The vehicle and loading and unloading facilities are designed, constructed and maintained to avoid injury and suffering;

· Those handling animals are trained or competent in the task and do not use violence or any methods likely to cause unnecessary fear, injury or suffering;

· Water, feed and rest are given to the animals as needed, and sufficient floor space and height is allowed.

· If a sick or injured animal is to be transported a second person to help restrain the animal to prevent further injury or suffering is advisable.

Appendix II

THE HUNTING ASSOCIATION OF IRELAND

Rules & Procedures of the Hunting Association of Ireland

The following are the Rules and Procedures in relation to Hunt Terrier work of, and as observed by, all registered Hunts engaged in Fox Hunting and affiliated to any of the following Associations:

· The Irish Masters of Foxhounds Association

· The Irish Foot Harriers Association

· The Irish Masters of Harriers Association

General Principles

(i) Fox Hunting as a sport is the hunting of the fox in its wild and natural state with a pack of hounds. Nothing shall be done which in any way compromises or is inconsistent with this precept, notwithstanding that the fox is vermin.

(ii) In all circumstances, the fox shall be given fair advantage before being hunted.

(iii) The Master / Committee’s Nominee is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the Rules and Procedures set out hereunder.

(iv) Formal organised hunting, as a sport shall take place between The 1st August and The 31^st March inclusive.

Rules and Procedures for the Use of Hunt Terriers

1. The digging out of a hunted fox shall never be undertaken for the purpose of re-hunting that fox. Such a fox must be humanely dispatched or left.

2. The decision whether or not a fox is to be dug out, with due regard for the wishes of the landowners/lawful occupier, shall be made by the Master or his nominee by reference to the following:

(a) The condition of the fox (e.g. mange, injured, maimed, aged, deformed).

(b) Local concerns about the impact of fox predation on other wildlife species (e.g. ground nesting birds, hares, wild fowl etc.).

(d) Whether it appears that digging can be done quickly and efficiently, taking into account relevant factors such as the site, situation of the earth and the soil conditions/depth.

3. Digging shall only be conducted by a small number of experienced people and assistants appointed by the Master or his nominee. The hounds shall be kept well away out of sight and hearing of the location of the dig. Reasonable efforts shall be made to ensure that digging out will not become a public spectacle.

4. Only one terrier at a time may be used to locate the fox except in rocks, stacks of bales or stick piles etc., where one terrier is unable to locate the fox.

5. When the terrier is located, it must be dug to as quickly as possible and withdrawn and the fox dispatched humanely.

6. No instruments may be used other than those required for digging or locating the terrier quickly. There shall be no handling of the fox, save as may be necessary for the safe, humane dispatchment of the fox below ground. Where possible, an electronic locator should be used in conjunction with a suitable baying terrier.

7. In no circumstances will a live fox which has been dug out be thrown to the hounds.

8. The carcase of the dead fox must be properly disposed of. The carcase of the dead fox may be fed to the hounds.

9. The earth and its surrounding area must be reinstated. Particular attention should be given to the safety of persons and livestock and the earth’s future use.

10. If following commencement of the dig, it becomes apparent that the fox is inaccessible for the safe humane dispatchment, it may as an exceptional measure be bolted with the objective of being caught immediately.

11. The practice of bolting a fresh fox and the practice of bolting a fox which has gone into a man made structure, such as a drain, stick help, rock pile, bale rick etc. and rocks or other places where digging is impossible / impractible, is permitted. Provided in any such case the fox must be given fair advantage before being hunted.

12. Earth Stopping:- Earth stopping shall not be allowed for the sole purpose of preventing a hunted fox from going to ground. It shall be allowed, with due regard for the wishes of the landowner / lawful occupier, in the interests of the safety of, and the prevention of danger to other animals and / or members of the public, and to assist in the finding of foxes above ground. In general, earth stopping should be undertaken in any given instance only on lands to be traversed by the in its initial stages.

2. Feed and Water.

5. Health.

6. Transport.

6.1. Transport – General.

1.2. Ventilation.

1.3. Whelping Accommodation.

1.4. Quarantine Kennel.

1.5. Cleaning and Hygiene.

1.6. Flesh House.

2. Feed and Water.

2.1. Feeding – General.

2.2. Dry Feeding.

2.3. Flesh Feeding.

2.4. Fallen Stock.

2.5. Disposal of Waste.

2.6. Water.

4. Breeding.

4.1. Selection of Hounds.

4.3. Records.

4.4. Oestrus and Mating.

4.5. Whelping

5.2. Hound Health Programme.

5.3.1. Worming Procedures.

5.3.3. Roundworms.

5.6. Kennel Cough.

5.9. Tattooing.

Tattooing should be carried out for identification purposes utilising the tattooing kits available and in accordance with Best Practice.

5.10. Euthanasia.

5.11. Possession, Storage and Administration of Medicines.